Elusive long-standing intraoral foreign body: A rare encounter.

Foreign body ingestion/aspiration can occur during orthodontic procedures that may be of minimal risk or lead to acute medical and life-threatening emergencies. The present report describes a rare case of retained orthodontic wire fragment in the masticator space for nearly two decades identified as an incidental radiographic finding, highlighting the importance of optimum care in the dental clinic at all times be it surgical or nonsurgical intervention.

Juvenile psammomatoid ossifying fibroma of the maxilla and mandible: A systematic review of published case reports.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to evaluate recent evidence-based data that summarize the clinicopathological findings and treatment along with follow-up measures taken in terms of published cases of Juvenile psammomatoid ossifying fibroma (JPOF) of the maxilla and mandible by a systematic review. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The databases searched were PubMed, MEDLINE, Scopus, Google scholar, and Cross references. Only those case reports of JPOFs published in the English language from 2000 to 2022 were considered. All cases included confirmed JPOF lesions histopathologically. The SR-included details like clinical and radiographic data, follow-up details such as recurrence, and the presence of any adverse outcome. RESULTS: The database search produced 595 articles from 2000 to 2022, among which 22 case reports were included in the systematic review. The mean age of JPOF occurrence in patients was 18 ± 16 years. A male predilection was noted among patients younger than 14 years of age, whereas a female predilection was noted in patients older than 14 years of age. Frequent involvement of the mandible (56%) compared to the maxilla (44%) was reported. The posterior mandible was the most commonly affected site involving numerous adjacent structures. The expansile nature of the JPOF displayed 57% buccolingual expansion, 50% downward displacement or erosion of the lower border of the mandible and 81% of  involvement of the maxillary antrum/pterygoid plate/orbital floor. Among the 20 cases reported, the treatment provided included surgical excision in 45% of the patients, jaw resection in 35% of the patients, and enucleation and curettage in 18% of the patients. Follow-up details were provided in 80% of the reports that showed recurrence. CONCLUSIONS: The diagnosis of JPOF requires correlation of the clinical and radiographic features with key histopathological features. Although long-term follow-up of the case reports has been reported, the data lack information about the long-term outcomes of JPOF.

Anti-candidal Effect of Ocimum sanctum: A Systematic Review on Microbial Studies.

Candida albicans is the most prevalent candidal species in humans. It is the causative agent and is most commonly associated with more than 90% of serious systemic fungal infections. Even though there are numerous anti-fungal agents, new strains of pathogens develop resistance against these agents. In order to prevent resistance, plant-based drugs can be considered as an alternative therapy. Recent studies show that few herbs consist of active ingredients acting against specific pathogens. The aim of the present study is to understand the anti-candidal effect of Ocimum sanctum (Tulsi) based on in-vitro microbial studies. This systematic review followed Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Statement Criteria (PRISMA). Articles were collected from the electronic databases of PubMed and Cochrane till 2021. Anti-microbial studies on O. sanctum and its action against candidal species were included. We excluded clinical trials, reviews, abstract articles, and interventional studies. The selected antimicrobial studies used various phytochemical constituents of Tulsi extract, and the anticandidal properties were measured through the zone of inhibition (ZOI). All studies demonstrated the effective anticandidal property of O. sanctum, suggesting its possible use as an effective and affordable "adjunct" along with standard care for systemic and topical candidal infections. The main components of O. sanctum responsible for anticandidal activity were likely to be eugenol and linalool. However, the mechanism of action of these constituents is unclear. Further research assessing the toxicity, durability, and other assessments followed by clinical trials is necessary to explore the potential of Tulsi in combating oral conditions.

Expression of Sex Hormones in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Systematic Review on Immunohistochemical Studies.

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the most widespread oral malignancy. In the western world, smoking and alcohol remain the most common risk factors, whereas smokeless tobacco and areca nut consumption are the prevalent etiological factors in South Asia. Numerous markers were studied till date to identify the disease. However, the role of sex hormones in OSCC is poorly defined. Hormonal receptors play a role in breast cancer, prostate cancer, and human papillomavirus (HPV) driven oropharyngeal cancers. It is proven that the expression of estrogen receptor-α improved the overall survival of the patient with HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancer. Thus, this review article aims to determine the expression of sex hormones by immunohistochemistry in OSCC. This systematic review was performed with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) Statement Criteria 2020. Relevant articles were collected from the electronic database in PubMed and Cochrane till 2021. Immunohistochemical studies on sex hormones and their role in OSCC published in English literature were included. We excluded case reports, case series, and abstract-only articles. The sample size of the selected studies varied, and these studies measured the parameters such as sex hormones and OSCC. Furthermore, all the studies used different sex hormones and their association with oral cancer through the immunohistochemical process. Thus, this review summarizes that sex hormones influence the biopathology of oral cancer and have a prognostic significance in the tumor subgroups.

Purification, characterization, molecular modeling and docking study of fish waste protease.

In the present study, the alkaline protease has been extracted from the fish processing waste using ammonium sulphate fractionation followed by ion-exchange chromatography on sephadex G-25 and on DEAE column with a 4.0 fold increase in purification of yield 7.7%. The molecular weight of the purified protease was found to be 33 kDa as determined by SDS-PAGE. The optimum temperature was found to be 30 °C at pH 8. The activation energy (Ea) for casein hydrolysis and temperature quotient (Q10) was found to be 38.25 kJ/mol and 1.65, respectively. The kinetic constants km, Vmax, kcat, and kcat/km and thermodynamic parameters ΔH*, ΔS*, ΔG*, ΔG*E-S, and ΔG*E-T revealed high affinity of the fish protease for casein. Using CD spectroscopy it was found that the fish protease has 32.7% alpha-helical, 32.8% ß-turn and 34.5% random coil. 3D structure of target protein was predicted by homology modeling. Ramachandran plot revealed that the total residues in favored, allowed and outlier regions are 96.6%, 2.3%, and 1.1% residues. The biological function of the modeled fish protease was predicted by COACH based on the I-TASSER model, suggests that the fish protease may be exploited as biocatalyst in various industrial applications and processes. AutoDock 4.2.6. was used to study the protein-ligand interactions, which may lead to the discovery of novel semisynthetic enzymes from renewable biowaste.

Auxin and nutritional stress coupled somatic embryogenesis in Oldenlandia umbellata L.

Somatic embryos were induced from internodal segment derived callus of Oldenlandia umbellata L., in MS medium supplemented with different concentrations of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D). Initially calli were developed from internodes of microshoots inoculated in 2.5 µM NAA supplemented medium. Then calli were transferred to 2,4-D added medium for somatic embryogenesis. Nutritional stress coupled with higher concentration of 2,4-D triggered somatic embryogenesis. Nutritional stress was induced by culturing callus in a fixed amount of medium for a period up to 20 weeks without any external supply of nutrients. Addition of 2.5 µM 2,4-D gave 100% embryogenesis within 16 weeks of incubation. Callus mass bearing somatic embryos were transferred to germination medium facilitated production of in vitro plantlets. MS medium supplemented with 2.5 µM benzyl adenine and 0.5 µM α-naphthalene acetic acid produced 15.33 plants per culture within 4 weeks of culture. Somatic embryo germinated plants were then hardened and transferred to green house.